WPC 2BDJ Z|xTimes New Roman (TT)Old English Text MT (TT)CG Times (Scalable)C\  P6QP4N@PFQP0c P7P2 ?[phoenix#XP\  P6QXP# HANDBOOK OF THE JOHN LOCKE SOCIETY Daniel Mark OgdenDaniel Mark Ogden'2Pl<l2Default Paragraph FoDefault Paragraph Font footnote referencefootnote reference headerheaderX` hp x (#8" 8" X` hp x (#footerfooterX` hp x (#8" 8" X` hp x (#2lpage numberpage number  8X #XNN@PFQXP#John Locke Society Handbook! Page page number#XP\  P6QXP#"page number"#XNN@PFQXP# of page number#XP\  P6QXP#23"page number"     #\  P6QP# Handbook Of The #N@PFQP#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P# I. CAUCUS PROCEDURE X` hp x (#Dp Lx(T0\ !8" The Caucus is the centerpiece of the activities of the #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#. The Society meets in Caucus four times during a Fall Term and a Spring Term, respectively, to debate a topic of interest that divides conservatives. At the end of each Term, the Society meets in Caucus for the Election of new Officers and then the Induction of new Members, following which the Society holds its Term Banquet. Caucuses may also be held to meet with invited guests or for such other purposes as might be necessary. The Chairman presides at Caucuses of the Society. The Secretary takes minutes. Immediately after the Chairman has gaveled any Caucus to order, he requests that the Secretary read the minutes of the previous Caucus. Before approving the minutes, the Chairman entertains additions to or corrections of the minutes, which are then approved by the Chairman either as read or as amended. The Chairman then entertains any announcements. Following any announcement, Members and guests are invited to make any literary presentations to the Society, upon recognition by the Chairman. These are most often a short reading of some documentary tract, presented for the edification, amusement, or appreciation of the Society. It is customary to snap ones fingers as a token of appreciation when the Chairman thanks the Gentleman or Lady for their literary presentation. The Chairman will then ask the Secretary to move the evenings debate resolution. It is customary for Members to intone a deep bass hummmmm!!! upon the Secretarys reading of the resolution. The Chairman will then recognize an affirmative speech, to be followed by a speech in the negative, and alternating according throughout the evening. It is traditional for the Chairman to determine beforehand which Members (or guests) wish to be recognized for the first and second affirmative and negative speeches, so as to get the debate started with a flourish. Once recognized for a speech, that Member or guest possesses the floor C metaphorically this means the authority to address the Society, though physically it usually refers to the floor space in front of the Chairmans and Secretarys chairs and bounded by the other chairs C until he declares that he is yielding it. Speeches on the floor of the #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P# are always made standing, as are questions and rising to any point. Speakers and questioners should remember that they address the Caucus and individuals through the Chairman, and that speeches and questions should therefore be phrased in the third person. Thus, for example, a question of a speaker should be phrased: Mr. Chairman, does the gentleman really believe . . . ? Use of the word you is thus reserved for questions and comments directed toward the Chairman himself. For example, the question What do you think?, asks what the Chairman himself thinks. In a question posed to the speaker holding the Societys floor, the speaker is never referred to as the speaker. When making reference to the speaker, Members and guests should employ the Gentleman or the Lady, though Officers are generally referred to by their titles, e.g., the Chairman or the Chancellor. In Caucus, the Chairman will usually recognize a person with their last name and suitable title, e.g., Mr. Reagan, Mrs. Thatcher, Dr. Livingstone, Reverend Mather, or by their office. The person who most recently held the office (i.e., in the previous term) but no longer holds it, and is not currently holding any office, is referred to as the Former , as in the Former Chairman, the Former Provost, etc. The title Sometime is used for anyone not currently in office who has held a position for which there is at least one other former occupant. One who was the first holder of an office in the Society for which there at least two former occupants is referred to as the Senior Sometime (if it is the highest office the individual has held). If a lady is in the chair, she is referred to as Madam Chairman.  As an illustration of the proper use of titles, consider the five first Secretaries of a previous parliamentary debating society, the Governor Stevenson Society: During its Fall 1998 Term Roger William Harrington was referred to as the Senior Sometime Secretary as he was the first occupant of this position in that Societys history and held no higher office; Clark McAdams Neily III and Robert James Wood, Jr. were both sometime secretaries, but only Mr. Wood was referred to as the Sometime Secretary since Mr. Neily was more properly referred as the Former Chairman as he previously had served as Chairman of that Society; Daniel Mark Ogden was referred to as the Former Secretary; and Douglas Thomas Floyd was referred to as the Secretary. Please note that some of this terminology was valid only for the Fall 1998 Term of that Society, since if there had been an election of the Chairman and Secretary for a Spring 1999 Term, Mr. Neily would have become a sometime chairman, Mr. Ogden would have become a sometime secretary, and Mr. Floyd would have become the former secretary. Reading from any written text is not allowed on the floor of the Society, except with the permission of the Chairman. The Chairman normally grants such permission only for literary presentations. Except in the rarest of circumstances, therefore, those giving speeches or asking questions should not plan to read from any written notes or text. The parliamentary authority for the Society in Caucus consists of its own Traditions, Customs, and Precedents, which are best learned through observation. An important custom is that there is no cloture on debate in the #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#; hence the previous question cannot be moved. Consult the Societys A Brief Guide to Parliamentary Procedure, as used in the Antient and Honourable #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P# for details. Except when the Society is in executive session, the motion to adjourn is always in order. The motion to adjourn sine die is never in order.   Executive Session  No one is excluded from ordinary Caucuses. Members, petitioners, and guests may attend, speak, ask questions, and vote on all matters except the motion to move into executive session. Motions to move into or leave executive session are generally non!debatable motions. There are times, however, when the Society must ensure that only those who are Members may participate and vote. This is true for the Election Caucus, the Induction Caucus, and whenever the Society considers constitutional amendments or anything considered Society business rather than regular debate activity. To limit participation and voting to Members only, the Caucus moves into executive session. This can be done at any time during any Caucus, but always before the Caucus takes up the business at hand. If the Society unexpectedly finds itself discussing or debating matters related to the conduct of the Society or any of its Members, it must move into executive session. The motion to move into executive session is always in order. Only Members may vote on this motion. The Chairman, who cannot make a motion from the chair, but who commonly takes the initiative, asks if there is a motion to move into executive session. Once moved and seconded, it is approved by a voice vote. The Sergeant!at!Arms then clears the room of all non!Members and Members who are not in good standing (as defined in Article III, Section 7 of the Constitution) and closes the doors. The Chairman, if necessary, will consult with the Treasurer or the Exchequere to confirm that all Members present are in good standing. Specific non!Members may be invited to attend part or all of the executive session portion of a Caucus. This is most commonly done when the petitioners are questioned one by one on the floor during the executive session portion of an Induction Caucus, but the Chairman (in consultation with the Privy Council) can authorize the attendance of any non!Member during any or all of an executive session if deemed in the best interests of the Society Business discussed in executive session is confidential and should not be revealed to anyone not entitled to be at the executive session portion of the meeting in question. For example, it is strictly forbidden to discuss any proceedings of an Induction Caucus with those considered for Membership at that Caucus. Minutes are never kept during any executive session portion of a Caucus.  Other Caucus Traditions and Precedents  In Caucus, as well as at Toasting Sessions and in whip sheets, the Society is referred to as the Antient and Honourable #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#.  In order to make a speech or literary presentation on the floor of the Society, gentlemen are required to wear a tie. Ladies have traditionally worn comparably appropriate attire. Ties are traditionally provided to gentlemen wishing to make a speech who arrive unprepared. There are no sartorial requirements for merely attending, asking questions, making motions, rising to points, or voting. A bar is traditionally provided at every Caucus of the #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#. When smoking is not forbidden by the proprietors of the buildings in which Society events take place, cigars may be provided as well, although it is customary to refrain from smoking cigars, cigarettes, or pipes until the Chairman signals his approval. This approval is generally given at Debate Caucuses only upon the conclusion of the debate. Since dues do not entirely cover the Societys expenses, private donations to the Society are warmly encouraged. Members and guests who make such donations are thanked by the Treasurer at Debate Caucuses.  II. THE DEBATE CAUCUS  At a Debate Caucus, after the minutes have been approved, the Chairman calls for announcements. After any announcements have been made, the Chairman calls for literary presentations. Literary presentations may be either recited from memory, or, with the permission of the Chairman, read. They may be either prose or poetry, fiction or nonfiction, original works or the works of others. However, the Chairman has complete discretion as to the number, length, and appropriateness of literary presentations. Anyone wishing to make a literary presentation should inform the Chairman before the Debate Caucus begins. After any literary presentations have been made, the Chairman asks the Secretary to move the topic for the nights debate. No second is required. Topics should be chosen with great care. Foremost, they should raise issues upon which conservatives can plausibly disagree. They should be as concise as possible. Most should be on focused political topics, and not on philosophical ones. Not that the subject should be devoid of philosophical implications; rather, excessively vague topics lack direction and invite sophistry. After the Secretary has read the motion, the Chairman opens the floor to debate, asking first if there are any speeches in the affirmative, then in the negative, and so on. Toward the end of the debate, the Chairman may simply ask for speeches on either side of the question. The Chairman will rarely recognize an individual for a second speech when other individuals who wish to speak have not yet given a speech during the evening. Speakers should strive to be concise and witty. Ideally, every speech should move the debate forward and respond to previous speakers points. An exhaustive treatment of a topic, however, is too often merely exhausting. It is thus often better to make two short speeches, if necessary, than to make one long speech. Speakers should be aware that time goes by very quickly when one is on the floor. Brevity is indeed the soul of wit. The best speeches often make but one point. Because the Society does not allow the floor itself to cut off debate, it is absolutely incumbent upon all Members and guests to police themselves when making speeches and answering questions. Some attempt at research into the nights topic is always appreciated. While speeches should most emphatically not be mere recitations of facts and figures, the Society always enjoys being edified by some concrete data or other information relevant to the topic.  8XX   Dp Lx(T0\ !8"` hp x (##XNN@PFQXP#John Locke Society Handbook! Page page number#XP\  P6QXP#"page number"#XNN@PFQXP# of page number#XP\  P6QXP#23"page number"   г After a speaker has finished, the Chairman will ask the speaker if he wishes to yield to questions. If the speaker does yield, the Chairman will entertain questions of the speaker. It is essential to keep questions as short as possible. Long questions should be short speeches. Follow-ups are permitted, and even encouraged when the questioner has a very coherent line of questions. However, the questioner must be recognized for each follow-up. The Chairman always retains the right to refuse recognition of a follow-up question. Dialogue between a speaker and a questioner is inappropriate. Speakers retain the prerogative to limit the number of questions they will accept, e.g., Mr. Chairman, I will accept two more questions. Indeed, it is incumbent upon speakers to check the length of their own question and answer period. One of the most effective ways to do this is to announce a limit on the number of questions immediately after ones speech is finished: Mr. Chairman, I will take one question. Again, it is completely within the prerogative of a speaker to accept no questions. Traditionally, the speaker announces I yield the floor to terminate his possession of the Societys floor. Members must recognize that the purpose of the Societys debates is to debate, not hold a press conference. Questions should be short and never mini!speeches concluding with, for instance, . . . What is your response to that? Instead, such a question should be a speech. Speeches as well should be short. A useful ruleofthumb is this: the instant in your speech that you pause from the flow of your speech and take a deep breath as you rack your memory for the other points you wished to offer, DONT. Instead, yield to questions or yield the floor. If need be, make a short speech later in the evening with your additional points. At any time during a speech, a questioner from the floor may ask if the speaker will yield to a question, e.g., Will the gentleman yield to a question? Speakers have complete discretion on whether to yield to such interruptions. If a speaker yields to a question in the middle of a speech, he still has the floor and may resume his speech at any time. Audience heckling, in appropriate quantity, is encouraged. A heckle is a witticism made during someones speech. It can simply be one word and rarely is more than a few. Heckling is a fine art. It places extreme demands on thinking fast: the opportunity to heckle effectively passes in an instant. The best way to learn to heckle is to observe what works and what doesnt. Heckling, it must be noted, is an inappropriate means by which to engage a speaker on a substantive point of debate. Members are also encouraged to signal approval of a persons speech or a particular point made in the speech by snapping their fingers (in lieu of clapping, which is considered bad form). Light hissing may also be in order, as if Lyndon Johnson were lauded on the Societys floor. In the Societys parent society, the Antient and Honourable Edmund Burke Society, France is called the Dark Place and whenever the word France is uttered, it is tradition to hiss with good humor. The Society traditionally moves to thank anyone who has just made a maiden speech on the floor of the Society. Some Member should rise and state: I move that we thank Mr. Reagan for his maiden speech on the floor of the Antient and Honourable #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#. This motion requires no second, is not debatable, and is always approved by a voice vote. The Chairman will say All those in favor please say aye, then immediately gavel and state And the ayes have it. The Gentleman [or Lady] is thanked. (No nay vote is ever taken.) It is traditional for Members to snap their fingers in congratulation. A feature of larger debates is the existence of private conversations away from the floor. As long as a sufficient number of people maintain the central debate, it is not considered rude at large debates to hold such private conversations, except when a guest is making his maiden speech, in which case all those attending a debate are expected to listen. The Chairman will privately instruct the Sergeant!at!Arms to gather all those attending a Caucus to listen to any maiden speech. Prolonged conversations should always be taken outside the room in which the debate is held, as should all conversations when the background rumble becomes so loud as to be distracting. The Chairman should not hesitate to call for order in such a case.  At any time during a debate, the Society may award any award that it has discovered to a participant in the debate. It will be up to members to discern which awards exist. In the Edmund Burke Society, the members discerned the existence of the Badgely Prize for Equivocation, the Finley Award for Longevity, the Baylor Combo (a combination of the first two), the Lawlor Award for Brevity, the Char of the Light Brigade Award for Sophistry, and the Pruit Prize for Prodigious Performance while Personally Pickled. The Governor Stevenson Society discerned the existence of an Award for Extended Eloquence, the Floyd Brevet for Brevity for a speech pf an unusually brief and pithy nature, the Neily Prize for Passionate Purpled Prose for a speech unusually fervent and florid in nature, and the Ogden Ontological Honor for Obfuscation for a speech that blurs the issue at hand.  All these awards were named after their first recipient, and were based on the nature of their speech. The award for speaking at length is given to the speaker whom the Society feels has gone on the longest. Both speeches and answers to questions may be considered when the Society makes this Award. Mere objective length, however, is unimportant. A long speech, given at the right time, that commands the attention of the Society, should not be considered for this Award. A very short speech followed by a seemingly interminable question-and-answer period, on the other hand, might well deserve the Award. The award is not final, however, until a vote is taken on the evenings resolution. The Society may change the person to whom the Award is awarded, that is, should a subsequent speaker make a speech that the Society feels is even more interminable. The motion to any award is debatable, any such speeches should be brief and witty. The Award is conferred upon a majority vote in favor. The Society has the discretion, from time to time, to discover other awards. The Society should, however, be exceptionally sparing in creating its honors, so as to guard against cheapening them. When a debate has gone on a long time, the Chairman will usually say, Given the lateness of the hour, are than any further necessary speeches? Those in attendance should practice critical self-restraint at this point; only those with truly concise and witty speeches should rise to speak. At large debates, those who speak early in the evening should limit the length of their speeches and the number of questions they accept so that those who speak later are not unduly rushed or discouraged from speaking. When the Chairman calls for further speeches and there are none, he usually says, Seeing no further speeches, we will come to a vote. Will the Secretary please read the motion? After the Secretary has read the topic, the Chairman calls for division of the house: ayes to one side, nays to the other, and abstentions in the middle. When the house has divided, the Sergeant!at!Arms, acting as teller, counts the votes, including his own and that of the Secretary, and quietly informs the Chairman of the result. The Chairman will then announce the result of the vote. The Chairman never votes on a debate resolution, except to break a tie or to create a tie (and thus defeat the resolution). After announcing the vote on the evenings resolution, the Chairman may call for additional business, make announcements, or immediately request a motion to adjourn. Adjournment is usually done by a voice vote (on which it is traditional to express loud nays). Further, a Member traditionally calls for a division on the motion to adjourn (which call is traditionally ignored). The Chairman announces The Society stands adjourned. The Society traditionally adjourns to some tavern or similar establishment.   III. THE ELECTION CAUCUS The Election Caucus is held on a Saturday following the last debate of both the Fall Term and the Spring Term. The Induction Caucus and the Term Banquet are also held on the same day. The Induction Caucus is the second order of business on this day, as it begins immediately after the Election Caucus is concluded. The main business of the Election Caucus and the Induction Caucus is always conducted while the Society is in executive session. Two of the Societys Officers, the Chairman and the Secretary, are elected by the Members. The central qualities that the Society seeks in an elected Officer, as in a Member, are conservatism, dedication, service, integrity, and a thorough understanding of the Societys Constitution, traditions, customs, precedents, aims, and methods. Electioneering skill is one quality that the Society seeks to avoid in Officers. As a matter of principle, understated honesty is vastly preferred to slick salesmanship. At a more practical level, the Society, which holds two elections each year, must avoid being consumed by office-seeking. Strict understandings thus govern the conduct of Members pursuing elective office. As a general rule, campaigning for elective office is considered egregiously bad form and can effectively disqualify the campaigner from office. Members considering standing for office should keep this in mind: no candidate has ever been harmed by doing too little or by being too reticent on his own behalf. Indeed, there are only three tasks that a Member must perform in order to properly stand for office. The first such task is to formally announce the Members intention to stand for office. The Tradition of the Society requires that formal announcement of candidacy be made at a formal meeting of the Privy Council held a reasonable time before the Election Caucus. This meeting is termed the Assize. Sometime prior to the Election Caucus, a letter from the Chairman will advise Members intending formally to announce candidacy to inform the Chairman privately of their intention. A Members-only whip sheet will be put out listing all those Members who have formally announced candidacy for elective office. Before formally announcing, no candidate should discuss the possibility of his standing for office. A candidates conduct before formally announcing is a crucial test of his discretion. A candidates second task is to arrange for one nominating speech and one or two seconding speeches for the Election Caucus. Nominators and seconders are not bound to support or vote for the candidate they nominate or second. Each candidate should inform the Chairman before the Election Caucus of the names of those who will nominate and second him. Candidates should not ask other Members for their support or votes until the Election Caucus. Members themselves, of course, are completely at liberty to talk to candidates or other Members about the election. Candidates should remember that elections are for the benefit of the Members, not the candidates themselves. A candidates final task is to prepare for office. Because elected Officers serve for only one Term, candidates are expected to be fully prepared for the office they seek before being elected. Candidates will receive material from the Chairman or Archivist with which to prepare themselves. Candidates knowledge of this material will be tested twice: first at the Assize and then on the floor of the Society at the Election Caucus. When Members formally announce their candidacy to the Privy Council at the Assize, each candidate will be rigorously questioned concerning his knowledge of Society procedures, his candidacy for office, and other Society matters. This questioning is designed to prepare candidates for the Election Caucus and for holding office. The Privy Council never endorses any candidate for office.  Election Caucus Procedure  The first order of business at the Election Caucus, after the Society has moved into executive session, is the Treasurers report on the state of the Societys finances. The Exchequere will also tender his report on the payment of dues into the Societys treasury.  After the Treasurers and Exchequeres reports, the Society proceeds to the election of Officers, first the Chairman and then the Secretary. The procedure is the same for each office. The Chairman begins by requesting nominations for the office in question. To nominate a Member for elective office, a Member makes a brief nomination speech. Immediately after each nominating speech, the Chairman calls for seconding speeches, which should also be short. A nomination fails for lack of a second. There may be more than one seconding speech for each nominee, but preferably not more than two or at most three. The Chairman himself almost never makes a nominating or seconding speech. It is traditional when making a nominating or seconding speech to mention the candidates name only in the final sentence of the speech. This is done in full at the end of that last sentence: e.g., . . . Hence it is my great honor to nominate for the office of Chairman of the Antient and Honourable #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P# Ronald Wilson Reagan. When there are no further nominations, the Chairman instructs the candidate or candidates to take the floor. Only candidates who have announced their candidacy prior to the election Caucus and appeared at the Assize may be nominated for the first ballot. Assuming no candidate is elected on the first ballot, further nominations are in order. The Chairman then asks each candidate the three traditional questions, in the following order: Dp Lx(T0\ !8" p Lx(T0\8"Why are you a conservative? What does conservatism mean to you? Why do you seek the office of Chairman [Secretary] of the Antient and Honourable #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#?  p Lx(T0\8"Dp Lx(T0\ !8" The Chairman will then request each candidate to read his selection from John Lockes writings. The Chairman will then ask the traditional fourth question: Dp Lx(T0\ !8"p <hDp L8"John Locke is the father of American Social Contract theory. Under his ideals, citizens of any political compact must consent to the rules that govern them. You already are familiar with the Antient and Honourable #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#s Constitution, Handbook, and Guide to Parliamentary Procedure. These documents reflect much of the tradition, rules, and practices that guide this Society and which the Society follows. If elected Chairman [Secretary], do you swear to uphold the social contract of the Antient and Honourable #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#? p <hDp L8"Dp Lx(T0\ !8" Questions of the candidate follow. In a contested election, all candidates must answer each question before the next question is asked. Candidates answers should not be of epic length, but should, of course, be thoughtful. After the three traditional questions have been answered by all the candidates for a given office, the reading from Locke is made, and the Oath is taken, each candidate may make a statement to the Society. The Chairman then opens the floor to Members questions of the candidates. One or two periods of dichotomies will also be asked of the candidates for each office, at the discretion of the Chairman. The Chairman normally allows Members to remain seated while asking questions, and normally does not require individual recognition of questioners during dichotomies (this is true during both the Election and Induction Caucuses). Nominations are in order throughout the floor performance. A dichotomy is a special kind of question. The questioner poses two alternatives (e.g., Reagan or Bush?) and the candidate(s) must quickly choose one, without explanation. The Chairman exercises complete discretion over the length and timing of dichotomies. The Chairman may cut off dichotomies, even if some Members wish to continue asking them. However, the Chairman may not cut off ordinary questioning, which continues until no Member present wishes to ask further questions of the candidate(s). When there are no more questions for any candidate, the Chairman instructs the Sergeant!at!Arms to escort the candidate or candidates from the chamber. At this point, no further nominations are in order. The Chairman then recognizes Members who wish to speak on the candidates. Traditionally, only more senior Members avail themselves of the opportunity to comment on the election. As a very general rule, the Chairman will recognize Members in order of reverse seniority. So as to facilitate this traditional order of speaking, all Members wishing to speak should raise their hands when the Chairman first asks for speeches. When the speeches are concluded, the candidates are led back into the chamber, and the Society proceeds immediately without recess to a vote.  Voting for the Societys elective Officers is by secret ballot. The Sergeant!at!Arms, acting as teller, distributes and collects all ballots and presents them to the Chairman. All members of the Privy Council present then move to another room to count the ballots. Election is by nomination, second, and majority vote. There are no run-off elections or elections by plurality. Should no nominated and seconded candidate receive a majority on the first ballot, balloting is repeated until one candidate is elected by a majority vote. Further nominations are in order after the first ballot. Nominated candidates may also withdraw between ballots. However, unless there are further nominations, balloting is generally repeated without pause, except that the Society may take a brief recess. At the Chairmans discretion, even if there are no further nominations, the candidates may be asked to take the floor again for further questions; this should occur very rarely. If there are further nominations between ballots, all candidates who have not withdrawn return to the floor. All newly nominated candidates are asked the three traditional questions, make their reading from Locke, and take the Oath. Then, all the candidates on the floor are open to questions from Members; most of the questions, naturally, will be directly to the newly nominated candidates. After questioning again ceases, the Caucus proceeds as described above: the Sergeant!at!Arms escorts all the candidates out of the chamber, and Members may make speeches about their merits. When there are no more speeches, the Sergeant!at!Arms fetches the candidates and a ballot is taken. Only a nominated and seconded candidate may be elected. A ballot with any mark on it other than the name of a nominated candidate shall be considered a scratch and counted against the majority. Only a completely blank ballot shall be considered an abstention and thus not counted against the majority. Absentee or proxy voting is not permitted. All Members in good standing (including the candidates for office) who are present shall be given ballots and be permitted to vote. However, it is customary for any Members who are not well acquainted with the candidates and the present state of the Society to abstain. Each Officer is installed immediately upon his election. The outgoing Chairman yields the chair to his successor, who then assumes the chair. The outgoing Secretary does likewise. In the event of a contested election, it is traditional for a Senior Member to make a motion to thank the other candidate(s). Traditionally, once the newly elected Chairman has assumed the chair, a Privy Councillor, often the Senior Sometime Chairman present, moves to thank the Former Chairman. After speeches thanking the Former Chairman are made, this motion is always approved by a voice vote. The Society then turns to the election for Secretary (using the same procedure as used in the election for Chairman). Once the new Secretary takes his seat, a Privy Councillor then moves to thank the administration of the outgoing Chairman, i.e., the former Secretary and the appointed Officers of the previous term. After speeches thanking these Officers are made, this motion is likewise approved by a voice vote. A brief recess commonly follows the conclusion of the Election Caucus.  It is incumbent on the Members to volubly express the Societys appreciation to those Members who, having volunteered to serve the Society as Officers, have given so generously of their time and energy. It is considered bad form for candidates who have lost the race for Chairman to stand for Secretary at the same Election Caucus. Newly-elected Officers are given all ballot slips cast in their election. At an uncontested election, it is possible to expedite the election of the unopposed candidate. After the three traditional questions have been answered, the quotation from Locke has been read, and the candidate has taken the Oath, and before the Sergeant!at!Arms escorts the candidate out of the chamber at the end of the floor performance, any Member may move either the Braun Motion or the Braun Motion with the Davis Amendment. To make either motion, a Member simply gets recognized, rises, and says, I move the Braun motion, or I move the Braun motion with the Davis Amendment. Both these motions require a second. These phrases are shorthand for the following motions. The Braun Motion is: I ask unanimous consent that questions cease and that we proceed immediately to a vote on the unopposed candidate on the floor. The Braun Motion with the Davis Amendment is: I ask unanimous consent that questions cease and that the unopposed candidate on the floor be forthwith elected by acclamation. If either of these motions is adopted, there are no speeches on the candidates merits, so the candidate remains in the room. It will be noted that neither motion can be made if more than one candidate is on the floor for a particular office. Similarly, both motions require unanimous consent. A single objection defeats either. However, either or both motions can be made more than once during a single floor performance, i.e., if the Braun Motion fails early in the evening, it can again be made later after various objections have been addressed, and it might well then be adopted.  The purpose of the motions (and the cryptic way that they are traditionally moved) is to expedite uncontentious elections of Officers. Such an election can be wrapped up at the appropriate moment in about fifteen seconds: MEMBER A: I move the Braun Motion with the Davis Amendment, MEMBER B: Second, CHAIRMAN: Seeing no objection, the motion carries. Ronald Wilson Reagan is Secretary of the Antient and Honourable #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#. [GAVEL]  When only one candidate is on the floor and is clearly highly qualified, it is appropriate to move one of these motions after a few minutes of questions. If anyone present is clearly not satisfied with the candidate, it is very bad form to move either of these motions. If an Elected Officer is unable to complete his term in office, a special Election Caucus will be held to elect another Member to serve the remainder of his term.   IV. THE INDUCTION CAUCUS  The Induction Caucus begins immediately after the Election Caucus is concluded. Some time before the Induction Caucus, a letter from the Chairman will announce that anyone wishing to petition for Membership should contact the Chief Whip. Those petitioning for Membership are designated petitioners. Lobbying for Membership is very bad form and can effectively disqualify a petitioner for Membership. Petitioners will be given a copy of this Handbook, on which they will be questioned during their Inquisition. The traditional minimum requirements for election to Membership are a speech at one Debate Caucus, deposit of the dues of the Society with the Treasurer, and participation in the Induction Caucus. All of these requirements must be fulfilled during the same Term in which a petitioner seeks Membership.   Induction Caucus Procedure  Petitions for Membership are considered at the Induction Caucus. In order to become a Member of the #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#, a petitioner must demonstrate knowledge of the history, customs, traditions, and precedents of the #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#. Petitioners, who wait in an adjacent room while the Society is holding its Election Caucus, are each supplied with copies of this Handbook, along with copies of the #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#s Constitution, and Brief Guide to Parliamentary Procedure. Petitioners are expected to answer questions about the Society, best learned by perusing the details contained in the Handbook and the other documents. Finally, copies of John Lockes major writings will be present. Each petitioner will be asked to read to the Society a short selection from his writings. Each petitioner will be brought in turn before the Society by the Sergeant!at!Arms. The Chairman will ask each petitioner to state his full name and to answer the three traditional questions: Dp Lx(T0\ !8"Dp Lx(T0\8"Why are you a conservative? What does conservatism mean to you? Why do you seek to become a Member of the Antient and Honourable #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#?  Dp Lx(T0\8"Dp Lx(T0\ !8"The Chairman will then request the petitioner to read his selection from John Lockes writings. The Chairman will then ask the traditional fourth question: Dp Lx(T0\ !8"p <hDp L8"John Locke is the father of American Social Contract theory. Under his ideals, citizens of any political compact must consent to the rules that govern them. You have been presented with a copy of the Antient and Honourable #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#s Constitution, Handbook, and Guide to Parliamentary Procedure. These documents reflect much of the tradition, rules, and practices that guide this Society and which the Society follows. Since you are now familiar with these documents, do you accept the terms of, and swear to uphold, the social contract of the Antient and Honourable #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#? p <hDp L8"Dp Lx(T0\ !8" The petitioner will be grilled on his answers to these questions, and asked other questions and dichotomies from the floor. A dichotomy is a special kind of question. The questioner poses two alternatives (e.g., Reagan or Bush?) and the petitioner must quickly choose one, without explanation. The Chairman exercises complete discretion over the length and timing of dichotomies. The Chairman may cut off dichotomies, even if some Members wish to continue asking them. However, the Chairman may not cut off ordinary questioning, which continues until no Member present wishes to ask further questions of the petitioner. After no Member has further questions, the petitioner will be escorted out of the chamber by the Sergeant!at!Arms. A motion to elect the petitioner to Membership is then in order. This motion is debatable. Traditionally, Members speak in reverse order of seniority. Petitioners may be considered for Membership immediately after having been questioned by the Society, or such consideration may be deferred until later. If necessary, the Society may question any petitioner more than once at a single Induction Caucus. The Society may change its vote on a petitioner up until the time all the petitioners elected to Membership are brought in for the Induction Ceremony. Petitioners are elected by motion, second, and a two-thirds vote of those Members present. A few outstanding petitioners may be recommended for Membership by a unanimous vote of the Privy Council: these petitioners are proposed by the Secretary, need no second, and are elected by a simple majority. Any petitioner who arrives at the Induction Caucus promptly, meets the minimum requirements for election to Membership, and wishes to be questioned by the Society shall be so questioned. Every petitioner who is questioned shall be debated and voted upon by the Society. No petitioner, however, may be considered for Membership who has not been questioned by the Society. If anyone speaks against a petition, that petitioner is voted upon by a counted vote. Otherwise, petitioners are voted upon by a voice vote. In acting upon a petition, the Society has three options: approval, tabling, or rejection. Tabling is usually done when the Society feels that a petitioner is not yet ready for Membership. A petitioner who is tabled will be considered at the next Induction Caucus, provided he then meets the traditional standards for seeking Membership. The Society rarely rejects a petitioner outright. Rejection is reserved for those petitioners who the Society feels will never be suitable for Membership. Nonetheless, even a rejected petitioner may petition again. Membership in the #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P# is for life. Membership is also the highest honor conferred by the #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#. Members must keep this in mind: by tabling a petition or rejecting it, options remain open. Once a petition has been approved, there is no longer any choice. Where there is any doubt, or where information is insufficient, the Society should either table a petition or reject it, thus allowing time to eradicate doubt or allow information to be gathered before taking an irrevocable step. When all petitioners have been considered and voted upon, the Sergeant!at!Arms escorts into the chamber those petitioners who have been elected to Membership. They are then put through the Induction Ceremony. After the Ceremony, all those inducted have full rights as Members. All matters relating to petitioners and the induction of Members are conducted in executive session. No record of such proceedings is ever kept, except that the Minutes and Roll will record the names of those elected to Membership. The Roll is signed at the time of the new Members induction into Membership. At this time, the newly inducted Members name and Member Number will be affixed to their Handbook by the Chairman. The Chairman will remind newly inducted Members that the governing documents of the Society, i.e., the Constitution, this Handbook, and the Brief Guide to Parliamentary Procedure, are confidential, and Members should exercise discretion in revealing their contents to non!Members. Members should not distribute copies of these documents. Members should refer requests for copies to the Chairman or the Archivist. The Society may also induct Honorary Members. The requirements for Membership can be waived for Honorary Membership, though the election to Membership procedure remains the same. Honorary Members have the same rights as Members except they can never run for office nor vote in executive session. Prime Minister Winston Spencer Churchill was the Edmund Burke Societys first posthumous Honorary Member. It currently has several Honorary Members, including Dr. Russell Kirk (who attended one Debate Caucus; he was inducted before his recent death for his influence on American Conservatism); several others are individuals active in the Edmund Burke Societys debates who are not students at the University. The #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P# has elected President Ronald Wilson Reagan as its first Honorary Member.   V. SOCIAL EVENTS  The Society holds several regular social events: the Banquet, the Toasting Session, the Chancellors Wine Tasting, and the Chairmans Port Tasting. It occasionally hosts other social events, as the inspiration of the Chancellor directs.  The Term Banquet  The Society holds its Term Banquet at the end of each Fall Term and Spring Term. Term Banquets are always held on the same day following the conclusion of the Election and Induction Caucuses. All Members of the Society are invited to the Banquet. Only Members of the Society may attend the Banquet. The Banquet is not a Caucus of the Society, and minutes are not read or approved, nor are minutes taken at the Banquet. Members sign the Sign-in Book. The Term Banquet is always held at an excellent steakhouse, preferably Bobs Steak and Chophouse in Dallas. When the Banquet begins, Members take their appointed seats. At the head of the table, the Chairman is seated at the center, with the Secretary on his left, and all other members of the Privy Council present are seated alternately in order of seniority on either side of the current elected Officers. The Senior Sometime Chairman present sits on the Chairmans right, the next most senior Sometime Chairman present sits at the Secretarys left, and so forth. The Chairman, Secretary, and Privy Council together sit at the head of the table. The other Members sit elsewhere in the room. When the Banquet ends, the Society customarily departs to another location for an after party. The Chancellor assists the Chairman in making the preparations for the Banquet and associated events. Required dress is formal. Black tie is strictly optional.    The Toasting Session  Toasting Sessions, at which #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P# Members, petitioners, and guests gather at a local pub to sing Society songs and drink traditional toasts to the health of Society icons living and in remembrance of those dead, are an important social function of the Society. The Society normally holds one Toasting Session each Term. The traditions of toasting are well established. A drinking cup is brought in, and the Chairman begins the round of toasts. The Cup is always passed to the right and, once started by the Chairman, must not touch the table until drained. There are four traditional toasts, and they should be made in the following order when the Toasting Session begins with the first cup: the Chairman toasts John Locke; the Secretary toasts the Antient and Honourable #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#; the Chief Whip toasts the Founders of the Society, naming them all: Edwin Carl Olsen IV, Daniel Mark Ogden, Michael Lewis Geller, Roger William Harrington, Robert James Wood, Jr., and Clark McAdams Neily III; and the Chancellor toasts the Privy Council. If a subsequent cup is fortuitously procured, these toasts are not repeated. All toasts are made standing. In addition, everyone should stand for the traditional toasts, all songs, any toast for which the Chairman stands, and the following specific toasts: John Locke, the Antient and Honourable #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#, any sister or parent society in the conservative parliamentary debating society tradition of the Union Societies of Cambridge and Oxford, any Founding Father of the United States, any President of the United States, any monarch of England, the Chairman, any past Chairman, the Privy Council, or any of the Founders of the Society. If someone toasts a song, he drinks deeply of the cup while everyone else present sings the indicated song. Whenever someone toasts The Edmund Burke Cup Song, he is announcing that he intends to drain the cup. Much tradition follows. Toasting Sessions are not Caucuses of the Society; minutes of the previous Caucus are not read or approved, nor are minutes taken. However, Members and guests do sign the Sign!in Book, as at other meetings. Each person who attends a Toasting Session should expect to defray his portion of the expenses of the evening. Gentlemen should wear coat and tie to Toasting Sessions. Ladies should wear appropriate dress.  The Chancellors Wine Tasting  Another social event C held as the summer bridge event between the Spring and Fall Terms C is the Wine Tasting, where Members partake of samples of fine American and French wines carefully selected by the Chancellor. The tasting traditionally culminates with a fine British inspired port selected by the Chairman. The Wine Tasting is generally held around the Fourth of July. The Wine Tasting is not a Caucus of the Society, and minutes are not taken. However, Members and guests do sign the Sign!in Book, as at other meetings. Each person who attends the Wine Tasting should expect to defray his portion of the expenses of the event.  The Chairmans Port Tasting  A particularly savored social event C held when Winters nip begins to bite towards the end of the Fall Term C is the Chairmans Port Tasting. Here Members partake of a selection of vintage, ruby, and tawny Portuguese Ports carefully selected by the Chairman. The Chairmans Port Tasting is not a Caucus of the Society, and minutes are not taken. However, Members and guests do sign the Sign!in Book, as at other meetings. Each person who attends the Chairmans Port Tasting should expect to defray his portion of the expenses of the event.  The Chairmans Second Amendment Shoot  The Chairmans Second Amendment Shoot is the occasion for Members and guests to exercise their Second Amendment rights as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States of America. As will other social events of the Society, it is not a Caucus of the Society, and minutes are not taken. However, Members and guests do sign the Sign!in Book, as at other meetings. Each person who attends the Chairmans Second Amendment Shoot should expect to defray his portion of the expenses of the event.    VI. OFFICERS  The Administration, consisting of the Chairman, the Secretary, the Chief Whip, the Chancellor, and all other appointed officers, shall be the executive body of the Society. The Society has two elective offices: the Chairman and the Secretary. The Society also has many appointive offices, including the Chief Whip, the Chancellor, the Treasurer, the Exchequere, the Parliamentarian, the Archivist, the Sergeant!at!Arms, and the Provost. All appointed Officers, who are appointed by the Chairman with the advice and consent of the Privy Council, serve at the pleasure of the Chairman.  The Chairman  The Chairman directs the affairs of the Society and represents the Society on all public occasions. He schedules all meetings of the Society (except the Election and Induction Caucuses) and all meetings of the Privy Council. He also calls meetings of the Society and Privy Council to order.  When the Society is assembled in Caucus, the Chairman directs procedure in much the same way as the Speaker in the House of Commons or the House of Representatives. Thus, while he can neither propose nor second a motion from the chair, he can ask that certain motions be made. He also declares what is in order or out of order. Usually, the Chairman votes only when his vote will determine the outcome. Thus, he may vote to break a tie (so as to cause a motion to carry), or he may vote to create a tie (which, by parliamentary convention, prevents a motion from carrying). In Society elections, however, the Chairman casts his vote by secret ballot, the same as any other Member. The Chairman also votes upon each petitioner at the Induction Caucus, the same as any other Member. Most past Chairmen are referred to as Sometime Chairmen. The Chairman who most recently held that office is known as the Former Chairman. Sometime Chairmen are ranked according to seniority. At any Caucus or event, the person who held the office of Chairman longest ago C i.e., first C is referred to as the Senior Sometime Chairman. It is traditional that a Member not be elected to the office of Chairman more than once. The Chairman always chairs the opening and close of all Caucuses. The Chairman also always chairs the Caucus during voting on the election of Officers at the Election Caucus and during the Initiation Ceremony at the Induction Caucus. It is traditional for the Chairman to yield the chair to any past Chairman, usually to the senior most Chairman present. Should the senior most past Chairman present relinquish the chair or decline to take the chair, the chair would be assumed by the next senior most past Chairman in order of seniority, and so on. Only the Chairman and past Chairmen may occupy the chair. When no one is in the chair, the Secretary chairs from his own seat. At debates, past Chairmen often chair much or most of the debate. In the event of a vacancy in the office of Chairman, the Secretary becomes the acting Chairman, and the Privy Council calls for a special election to be held in accordance with the procedures specified in the Constitution. The person elected Chairman at the special election serves for the remainder of the Term. The Chairman may, and commonly does, appoint more appointive Officers than those listed in this chapter.  The Secretary  At Caucuses, the Secretary sits to the Chairmans own right. The Secretary takes minutes at all Society Caucuses and records all official actions taken by the Privy Council. Caucus minutes are read by the Secretary at the next Caucus. The Secretary also writes the whip sheets (though the Chancellor will generally author the whip sheets for the Societys social events), and may, at the Chairmans discretion, act as the Societys correspondent. When the Chairmans chair is not occupied at a Caucus, the Secretary chairs the Caucus from his own chair. Even in such circumstances, the Secretary is referred to as Mr. Secretary or Madam Secretary, and not as Mr. (or Madam) Chairman. In the absence of the Secretary, the Chairman may appoint a Sometime Secretary or other Member to act in his stead. If the Secretarys chair is occupied by a Member who has never been elected as Chairman or Secretary, the Chairman and Sometime Chairmen present should ensure that the Chairmans chair is never left vacant. Any past Chairman or past Secretary may occupy the Secretarys chair when it is vacant. The Secretary can also permit Members to temporary sit in for him. At Debate Caucuses, the person occupying the Secretarys chair must take sufficient notes to allow the Secretary to compose the minutes after the event. During his term of service, the Secretary is ex officio a member of the Privy Council. As an ex officio member of the Privy Council, the Secretary has no voting power, does not participate in ballot counting, has no voice in officer appointments or petitioner recommendations, and is not involved in resolving any parliamentary questions, administrative concerns, or issues involving the tradition of the Society. His ex officio membership on the Privy Council is for the purpose of recording Privy Council decisions and drafting communiqu)s to the Members or as otherwise directed by the Privy Council.  It is traditional that a Member not be elected to the office of Secretary more than once.  The Chief Whip  The Chief Whip is a Member appointed by the Chairman. He presides over a corps of assistant whips appointed by the Chairman, prepares and maintains the whip list, produces and distributes the whip sheets, and whips by telephone. The Chief Whips main task is communication and recruitment. Through him the Society speaks to its Members. All information goes through the Chief Whip, either directly or in the whip sheets he distributes. When Members must be contacted on short notice, they are contacted through the Chief Whip. In short, he occupies a critical position. No other Officer is under the same kind of pressure to produce immediate, tangible results. The Chief Whip is praised or blamed according to the speed of distribution of whip sheets and the attendance at Caucuses and other functions. A capable and energetic Chief Whip is essential to the success of the Society. Those considered for Chief Whip should ask themselves if they really want to do it; a Chief Whip should have no doubts about his willingness to undertake the responsibility. The whip sheets of the Society are normally on gold parchment. However, for whip sheets distributed only to Members (such as whip sheets for the Election and Induction Caucuses) and when the Society publicly announces the new administration and the newly inducted members, gun metal parchment is used. It is rare for a Member to serve as Chief Whip for more than one Term.  The Chancellor  The Chancellor is a Member appointed by the Chairman. He has charge of all social functions of the Society. He provides refreshments at Caucuses, arranges the Societys social events, parties, and receptions, and arranges the Term Banquet. The Chancellor generally authors the whip sheets for the Societys social events. It is less rare for a Member to serve as Chancellor for more than one Term.  The Provost  The Provost is a Member appointed by the Chairman upon the Chancellors recommendation. He assists the Chancellor with the Provostery at Debate Caucuses and with other duties of the Chancellor. Provosts less commonly than Chancellors serve for more than a single Term.  The Treasurer  The Treasurer is a Senior Member appointed by the Chairman, but is generally re!appointed by successive Chairmen and so serves until he tires of the office. Those chosen to be Treasurer must be trusted Members of the Society. The Treasurer manages the Societys treasury, collects dues, settles accounts, keeps books, and submits such financial statements as may be required. The Treasurer has signatory authority for the Societys checking account. The Treasurer makes an oral report to the Society each term at the beginning of the Election Caucus. The Society is financed by the dues of the Society and generous contributions from Members, which defray the heavy expenses of the Society.   The Exchequere  The Exchequere is a Senior Member appointed by the Chairman, but is generally re!appointed by successive Chairmen and so serves until he tires of the office. Those chosen to be Exchequere must be trusted Members of the Society. The Exchequere insures that the Societys dues are collected by the Treasurer and paid into the treasury in a timely fashion. The Exchequere also has signatory authority for the Societys checking account. The Exchequere makes an oral report to the Society each term at the beginning of the Election Caucus.   The Parliamentarian  The Parliamentarian is a Senior Member especially knowledgeable of parliamentary procedure, appointed by the Chairman to advise the Chairman on parliamentary issues that come before the Society. The Parliamentarian is also generally re!appointed by successive Chairmen and so serves until he tires of the office.  The Archivist  The Archivist is a Senior Member appointed by the Chairman to maintain the Societys archives and other files, to publish this Handbook and other Society documents, and to provide copies of the Handbook and other relevant materials to petitioners, Members, and Officers. The Archivist or the Chancellor also keeps a stock of Song Books available for Term Toasting Sessions, along with the Cup. The Archivist is also generally reappointed by successive Chairmen and so serves until he tires of the office.  The Sergeant!at!Arms  The Sergeant!at!Arms is a Member appointed by the Chairman to assist the Chairman in the conduct of Caucuses. He needs to be familiar with the way Caucuses are conducted, including the Election and Induction Caucuses. For this reason, the Sergeant!at!Arms is frequently a Senior Member and is generally reappointed by successive Chairmen.  The Sergeant!at!Arms acts as teller in all divisions of the house, counting the votes and reporting the result to the Chairman. At Society elections, he distributes and collects ballots and presents them to the Chairman for counting by the Privy Council. He ushers candidates to and from the floor during the Election Caucus; he ushers petitioners to and from the chamber during the Induction Caucus; he clears the floor of nonmembers when the Society moves into executive session. He also performs all the traditional duties of a Sergeant!at!Arms as outlined in Roberts Rules of Order, Newly Revised.  If circumstances require, the Chairman may appoint an Acting Sergeant!at!Arms or Assistant SergeantsatArms.    VII. THE PRIVY COUNCIL  The Privy Council is the executive overseer of the #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#. It consists of the Chairman, all those who have held the office of Chairman, and C during his period of office C ex officio the Secretary. The Chairman calls and presides over all meetings of the Privy Council; in his absence, the most senior Sometime Chairman present presides. Certain powers of the Privy Council are spelled out in the governing documents of the Society. It advises and consents to the appointment of Officers by the Chairman; it may recommend petitioners for Membership; it advises the Chairman in his direction of the Societys affairs, including the choice of debate topics; it sets the dues of the Society; it calls the Election and Induction Caucuses (via the Senior Sometime Chairman), and counts ballots at the Election Caucus. The Council also approves all changes to this Handbook and other Society documents. Beyond these particular prerogatives, the precise nature of the Councils power is inchoate. Final responsibility for any decision rests with the Chairman. Though not a cabinet, the Privy Council is an advisory and consultative body. All formal meetings of the Council are held in executive session, though the Council may meet informally or vote on occasion to allow Members who are not Privy Councilors to be present at formal meetings. Minutes of its proceedings are not taken, though the Privy Council may instruct the Societys Secretary to issue communiqu)s to the Members.  The Council performs many of its duties informally. However, the Constitution requires the Council to meet formally at least once each Term.  VIII. MISCELLANY   The Constitution  The Constitution guides the life of the Society, but, in practice, reference to its text is rarely required. The customs, traditions, and precedents of the Society are the living voice of Tradition. While formally enshrined in the Constitution, familiarity with the Societys Tradition is seldom derived in the first instance from reading the words of the Constitution.  The Archivist keeps the official copy of the Constitution, together with an additional supply of unofficial copies. The official parchment copy of the Constitution was signed by the Founding Members on October 28, 1998, which is the two hundred and ninetyfourth anniversary of John Lockes departure from this mortal coil, which took place 1704 A.D. Members who wish to see the Constitution should ask the Archivist, who will make the necessary arrangements. In general, the Constitution is not shown to non!Members, though the Chairman can authorize exceptions to this practice if he deems it in the general interest of the Society. The Handbook  The Societys Handbook, according to the Constitution, is the principal guide to the Customs, Traditions, and Precedents of the Society. Issued by authority of the Chairman and Privy Council, it is the official guide to the way the Society operates. It is not a public document; rather, it is intended for Members of the Society and for those seriously considering seeking election to Membership. The Handbook is updated from time to time under the authority and direction of the Chairman and Privy Council. The Archivist keeps copies of all the editions of the Handbook and has an ample supply of the current edition. The Archivist brings the current edition to the Induction Caucus, where it is made available to petitioners seeking election to Membership. Copies are also given to candidates for elective office in the Society, and others at the direction of the Chairman. The Archivist is entrusted to act with due care to preserve the private nature of the Handbook, while facilitating access for those with a right and a need use it.   The Minutes Book  The Minutes of all Caucuses of the #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P# are written by the Secretary in a large, bound volume called the Minutes Book. Old Minutes Books are placed in the Archives.  The Sign!in Book  A smaller bound volume is used as the Sign-in Book. At all meetings of the Society, Members and guests sign their names on a page of the Sign-in Book which is headed with the date and type of event. As with the Minutes Book, old Sign!in Books are placed in the Archives.  The Archives  The Archives contain materials from past Chairmanships, including whip sheets, Minutes, and Sign-in Books, copies of literary presentation made to the Society, and other materials.  The Song Book  The Song Book contains the lyrics to The Edmund Burke Cup Song and many of the other songs sung by the Society at Toasting Sessions. The pedigree of the Song Book is a microcosm of the Societys history. It primarily derives from the Edmund Burke Societys first Song Book, which was prepared in the autumn of 1989 by a committee of Burke Founding Members, composed of Joseph Carroll Smith, Jr., Eric Hector Jaso, and Edward Joseph Finley, II. Most of the songs in this song book are derived from the Tory Party and the Party of the Right at Yale University. This Song Book was later revised by Burke Sometime Chairman Robert Anthony Badgely, Burke Poet Laureate Robert Joseph Bird, Jr., and Burke Keeper of Letters Edwin Carl Olsen IV. This revised edition of the Burke Song Book, and songs from the songbook of our sister society, the John Adams Society of Minneapolis, served as the basis for the first edition of the #&GN@PFQ&P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#s Song Book, which in turn underwent a second edition with the addition of songs contributed by several #&GN@PFQ&P#Locke#&J\  P6Q&P# members. Both editions were prepared by the Locke Archivist Edwin Carl Olsen IV, with the assistance of #&GN@PFQ&P#Locke#&J\  P6Q&P# Sometime Chairman Daniel Mark Ogden on the second edition. As new songs are contributed, subsequent editions will be issued. A copy of each edition is kept by the Archivist, who also has copies of the song books of other similar societies which can prove a fruitful source of suggestions for revision and expansion of the Societys own Song Book. The Chancellor takes a large supply of the current edition of the Song Book to each Toasting Session.   The Gavel (also known as The Sceptre of Authority)  The Gavel is the Societys Sceptre of Authority. The Gavel is used at all Caucuses of the Society, but not at social events or receptions. Each Term at the Election Caucus, the Gavel is presented anew by the presiding Chairman to the Chairman!Elect following the announcement of the elections results. Between Caucuses the Gavel is kept by the Chairman.   The Cup (also known as The Chalice)  The cup is the container for that secret concoction prepared by the Chancellor known as The Green, which is passed around at the Societys Toasting Sessions.  The Provostery  The Provostery is the Societys name for the bar provided by the Chancellor at the Societys debates.  The Roll  The Roll is the Societys name for the document signed with full name by each newly inducted Member during the Induction Ceremony.   Member Dues  Term Dues are currently set by the Privy Council at $40, payable at the beginning of each Term. At the Induction Caucus, Petitioners are currently assessed a Membership Fee of $75 prior to their Induction.  Member Decorum  Members shall be expected at all times to engage in the decorum proper to a gentleman or lady at all Society functions, particularly where spirits are involved. In the event that at any Society function a Member or nonMember in the opinion of the Chairman engages in behavior inconsistent with the decorum proper to a gentleman or lady, the Chairman shall instruct the Sergeant!at!Arms to escort such individual from the function. Members are reminded that the Society is a conservative fraternal organization of gentlemen and ladies. Members should remember that the image portrayed by the Society and its individual Members to guests and the publicatlarge is critical to the success of the Society in not only attracting new Members but also in conveying the Societys ethos.  APPENDIX A  THE #W\  P6QP#CHAIRMEN#&J\  P6Q&P# OF THE ANTIENT AND HONORABLE # hN@PFQ P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#  First Administration:Spring 1999Edwin Carl Olsen IV Second Administration:Fall 1999Daniel Mark Ogden Third Administration:Fall 2000Robert James Wood, Jr. Fourth Administration:Spring 20001William Ralph Green, Jr.  APPENDIX B THE #W\  P6QP#SECRETARIES#&J\  P6Q&P# OF THE ANTIENT AND HONORABLE # hN@PFQ P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#  First Administration:Spring 1999Daniel Mark Ogden Second Administration:Fall 1999Robert James Wood, Jr. Third Administration:Fall 2000William Ralph Green, Jr. Fourth Administration:Spring 20001Richard Neil Draheim Dp Lx(T0\ !8"Dp LxT0\ !8" APPENDIX C Dp LxT0\ !8"Dp Lx(T0\ !8" THE #W\  P6QP#CHIEF WHIPS#&J\  P6Q&P# OF THE ANTIENT AND HONORABLE # hN@PFQ P#John Locke Society#&J\  P6Q&P#  Dp Lx(T0\ !8"Dp LxT0\ !8"First Administration:Spring 1999 Dp LxT0\ !8"Dp Lx(T0\ !8"Second Administration:Fall 1999William Ralph Green, Jr. Third Administration:Fall 2000Jill Johnson Mellinger Fourth Administration:Spring 20001Kristi Kay Singletary  APPENDIX D THE #W\  P6QP#CHANCELLORS#&J\  P6Q&P# OF THE ANTIENT AND HONORABLE # hN@PFQ P#John Locke Society #&J\  P6Q&P#  Dp Lx(T0\ !8"Dp LxT0\ !8"First Administration:Spring 1999Robert James Wood, Jr. Dp LxT0\ !8"Dp Lx(T0\ !8"Second Administration:Fall 1999Lance Charles Lamberton Third Administration:Fall 2000Robert William Stephens Fourth Administration:Spring 20001Robert William Stephens  APPENDIX E #W\  P6QP#OTHER OFFICERS#&J\  P6Q&P# OF THE ANTIENT AND HONORABLE # hN@PFQ P#John Locke Society #&J\  P6Q&P#  Treasurer: Robert Patrick Baxter Jr.(1st, 2nd and 3rd Administrations) Treasurer: Jill Johnson Mellinger(4th Administration) Exchequere: Daniel Mark Ogden(1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Administrations) Parliamentarian: Edwin Carl Olsen IV (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Administrations) Archivist: Edwin Carl Olsen IV (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Administrations) Sergeant!at!Arms: Robert Eddie Gleaton(2nd and 3rd Administration) Sergeant!at!Arms: Kristi Kay Singletary(4th Administration)#& P7&P#